Recognising Early Signs of Illness in Reptiles

Reptiles can be masters at hiding discomfort. In the wild, this helps them avoid predators. But in captivity, it makes it harder for keepers to spot problems early. That’s why learning how to recognise sick reptile signs is one of the most important skills a reptile owner can develop.

This guide will help you understand early reptile health issues, what causes them, and how to act fast when something seems off. Whether you care for a gecko, bearded dragon, turtle, or snake, knowing the exotic reptile symptoms of illness can make all the difference.

Why Reptiles Hide Illness

Unlike dogs or cats, reptiles won’t cry, limp, or bark when something is wrong. Their instinct is to act normal — even when they’re sick or injured.

This makes it vital for you to observe closely. Early detection means better outcomes, faster healing, and lower vet costs.

The Most Common Reptile Health Issues

Reptiles can suffer from a variety of health concerns, but some are more common in captivity than others.

1. Metabolic Bone Disease (MBD)

• Cause: Lack of calcium or UVB light
• Species Affected: Especially lizards and tortoises
• Signs: Soft bones, swollen limbs, trembling, bent spine or tail

2. Respiratory Infections

• Cause: Low temperatures or high humidity
• Species Affected: Snakes, iguanas, and aquatic turtles
• Signs: Open-mouth breathing, wheezing, mucus around nose or mouth

3. Mouth Rot (Infectious Stomatitis)

• Cause: Poor hygiene, stress, or injury
• Species Affected: Many lizards and snakes
• Signs: Swollen or bleeding gums, pus in the mouth, difficulty eating

4. Parasites

• Cause: Contaminated food, water, or substrate
• Species Affected: All reptiles
• Signs: Weight loss, soft stools, lack of appetite

5. Shedding Problems (Dysecdysis)

• Cause: Low humidity or poor nutrition
• Species Affected: Geckos, snakes, chameleons
• Signs: Retained skin on toes or tail, dull appearance, eye caps

General Sick Reptile Signs to Watch For

You don’t need to diagnose your reptile yourself — that’s your vet’s job. But you should know when something’s wrong.

Here are the most common early exotic reptile symptoms that something isn’t right:

1. Changes in Appetite

• Not eating at all
• Eating less than normal
• Refusing favourite foods
• Spitting out or vomiting food

2. Lethargy or Weakness

• Less active than usual
• Staying in one spot for hours
• Not climbing, basking, or hiding normally
• Not reacting when touched

3. Weight Loss

• Visible spine or ribs
• Sunken fat pads
• Looser skin or drooping belly

Tip: Weigh your reptile monthly to track changes.

4. Unusual Poop

• Runny, smelly, or discoloured faeces
• Parasites visible in stool
• No droppings for several days
• Presence of mucus or blood

5. Swelling or Lumps

• Swollen joints, limbs, or jaw
• Visible lumps under the skin
• Abnormal belly bulge
• Puffy eyes or neck

6. Breathing Issues

• Open-mouth breathing
• Wheezing or clicking sounds
• Frequent yawning
• Mucus around the nose or mouth

7. Behaviour Changes

• Hiding more than usual
• Aggression or flinching when touched
• Head-tilting, circling, or disorientation
• Pacing or constant digging

8. Skin and Shedding Problems

• Flaky or cracked skin
• Stuck shed on toes, tail, or eyes
• Sores or scabs
• Colour changes unrelated to mood or heat

9. Eye or Nose Discharge

• Cloudy or crusty eyes
• Swollen eyelids
• Runny nose or thick mucus
• Squinting or frequent rubbing

When to See a Vet

If your reptile shows any of these signs for more than 24–48 hours, it’s time to act.

Emergency Symptoms:

• Sudden weight loss
• Seizures or twitching
• Bleeding from the mouth or vent
• Laboured breathing
• Paralysis or inability to move properly

Find a vet who specialises in reptiles or exotic pets. Not all vets have the training to treat them, so ask in advance or search for exotic animal clinics near you.

What You Can Do at Home (Before the Vet)

1. Check Temperature and Humidity

Reptiles rely on their environment. A heat bulb that burned out or a dry tank can quickly cause stress and illness.

Use digital thermometers and hygrometers to check both warm and cool sides of the enclosure.

2. Clean the Habitat

Remove uneaten food, dirty substrate, or anything that could carry bacteria. Replace water and clean dishes.

3. Isolate the Reptile

If you keep more than one reptile, move the sick one to a separate, clean tank to prevent spreading illness.

4. Record Symptoms

Note when you saw changes, any symptoms, and possible stressors. This could include enclosure changes, new food, or a drop in temperature. This will help your vet make a faster diagnosis.

Prevent Reptile Health Issues

Most reptile health issues are preventable with good care. Here’s how to build strong habits.

Provide the Right Setup

• Use proper lighting (UVB and basking bulbs)
• Create a temperature gradient
• Offer hides, climbing spots, and enrichment
• Use safe, clean substrate
• Keep humidity at species-appropriate levels

Feed a Balanced Diet

• Use calcium and vitamin supplements
• Feed gut-loaded insects
• Offer fresh, varied greens for herbivores
• Avoid fatty or sugary treats

Maintain Hygiene

• Clean water bowls daily
• Spot clean daily and deep clean monthly
• Wash hands before and after handling
• Quarantine new animals for 30–60 days

Monitor Regularly

• Weigh your reptile monthly
• Keep a care log of feeding, shedding, and behaviour
• Learn what “normal” looks like for your pet

Stay Alert, Act Fast

Reptiles can’t tell you when they’re sick — but they do show signs if you know what to look for. The earlier you catch a problem, the easier it is to treat. Staying observant, keeping your setup consistent, and acting quickly are the cornerstones of responsible reptile care.

By learning to spot sick reptile signs, understanding exotic reptile symptoms, and taking action to prevent common reptile health issues, you’re giving your reptile pet the best chance at a long, healthy life.